Hollande's euro arguments "nonsense": Austria's Fekter

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Rare neurons discovered in monkey brains

Monday, May 21, 2012

The anterior insular cortex is a small brain region that plays a crucial role in human self-awareness and in related neuropsychiatric disorders. A unique cell type ? the von Economo neuron (VEN) ? is located there. For a long time, the VEN was assumed to be unique to humans, great apes, whales and elephants. Henry Evrard, neuroanatomist at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in T?bingen, Germany, now discovered that the VEN occurs also in the insula of macaque monkeys. The morphology, size and distribution of the monkey VEN suggest that it is at least a primal anatomical homolog of the human VEN. This finding offers new and much-needed opportunities to examine in detail the connections and functions of a cell and brain region that could have a key role in human self-awareness and in mental disorders including autism and specific forms of dementia.

The insular cortex, or simply insula, is a hidden cortical region folded and tucked away deep in the brain ? an island within the cortex. Within the last decade, the insula has emerged from darkness as having a key role in diverse functions usually linked to our internal bodily states, to our emotions, to our self-awareness, and to our social interactions. The very anterior part of the insula in particular is where humans consciously sense subjective emotions, such as love, hate, resentment, self-confidence or embarrassment. In relation to these feelings, the anterior insula is involved in various psychopathologies. Damage of the insula leads to apathy, and to the inability to tell what feelings we or our conversational partner experience. These inabilities and alteration of the insula are also encountered in autism and other highly detrimental neuropsychiatric disorders including the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD).

The von Economo neuron (VEN) occurs almost exclusively in the anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex. Until recently it was believed that the VEN is only present in humans, great apes and some large-brained mammals with complex social behaviour such as whales and elephants. In contrast to the typical neighbouring pyramidal neuron that is present in all mammals and all brain regions, the VEN has a peculiar spindle shape and is about three times as large. Their numeral density is selectively altered in autism and bvFTD. Henry Evrard and his team, at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics in T?bingen now discovered VENs in the anterior insula in macaque monkeys. His present work provides compelling evidence that monkeys possess at least a primitive form of the human VEN although they do not have the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror, a behavioural hallmark of self-awareness.

"This means, other than previously believed, that highly concentrated VEN populations are not an exclusivity of hominids, but also occurs in other primate species", explains Henry Evrard. "The VEN phylogeny needs to be reexamined. Most importantly, the very much-needed analysis of the connections and physiology of these specific neurons is now possible." Knowing the functions of the VEN and its connections to other regions of the brain in monkeys could give us clues on the evolution of the anatomical substrate of self-awareness in humans and may help us in better understanding serious neuropsychiatric disabilities including autism, or even addictions such as to drugs or smoking.

###

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft: http://www.mpg.de

Thanks to Max-Planck-Gesellschaft for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Communicating With ShoreTel Telephone Systems | Hanover Fire

By Shirley Heinz

 ?ShoreTel Telephone Systems can help you communicate properly. ShoreTel is a company based in Sunnyvale, CA. They are a provider of commercial, closed-source VoIP products. Current implementations in their systems include phone handsets, as well as voicemail servers, switching hardware, analog phone outputs, along with other telecommunications-related equipment and software, which all give assistance with communicating properly. Communication is among the fundamental functions of management in any organization and its relevance may hardly be overemphasized. It is a procedure for transmitting information, concepts, thoughts, views and programs concerning some parts of an organization.

Communication skills simply don?t consider just how we communicate with someone else. It involves a number of other things ? just how we interact to anybody we?re speaking, body gestures including the facial ones, pitch and tone of our voice and lots of other things. And the importance of communication skill is not only limited to the management world, given that effective communication skills are now required in each and every part of our life.

Communication may be created through oral or written. In oral communication, audience can make out what speaker is trying to express, but in written communication, text matter in the message is a result of your thinking. So, written communication or message has to be clear, purposeful and concise with correct words, in order to avoid any misinterpretation of the information. Written communications supplies a permanent record for future use and it also gives an opportunity to employees to put up their feedback or suggestions in writing. With productive communication, it is possible to maintain a good human relationship within the organization and also by motivating ideas or suggestions from employees or workers and applying all of them whenever you can, you can also increase production in low cost.

Excellent communication skills help the relationships to build up along excellent lines, and make sure that arguments and arguments are kept to a minimum. Great communication will certainly prevent fights and insults. It is through the communication that employees submit their work reports, comments, grievances and suggestions to their seniors or administration. Organization must have successful and fast communication policy and procedures to avoid delays, misconceptions, confusion or distortions of facts and also to set up harmony among all the involved individuals and divisions.

Shoretel Telephone Systems can help you connect. Effective communication of information and resolution is a vital component for management-employee relations. The manager can?t get the work done from employees except if they are communicated properly of what he would like to be done. He also needs to make sure of some fundamental information such as how to communicate and what results to expect from that communication. Most of management problems arise due to lack of effective communication. Possibilities of misunderstanding and misrepresentation can be minimized with proper communication system. It?s not possible to enjoy human relations without communication. However, good and effective communication is essential not just for good human relations but also for good and successful business. Because of the importance of communication skills in both the personal and the corporate world, any individual who want to make progress with their life must develop this significant skill.

Are you looking for the most effective telecommunication system to suit your needs? Shoretel Telephone Systems and Switchvox Phone Systems will definitely provide the ideal service for your demands.


Achieving better call management using the modern business phone systems

By Small Business

 ?The growing businesses have growing communication needs. You might need to keep installing newer telephone lines and instruments with growing needs and at the same keep adding the telephone bills. It is precisely for the growing small businesses that multi-functional and multiple feature incorporated small business phone systems are being developed. The main objective of developing these business phone systems has been on reducing the costs of communication. Towards this end, the development of the IP telephone systems has been a major stride.

The IP phone systems are installed on the Local Area Network (LAN). This can exist alongside the data network traffic. These phones make use of the proprietary control protocols like SIP or SCCP. These phones can be in the form of hardware or even in the form of software, or, softphones. Since the internet connections are now widely available, these phones can be used to make the calls at very economic costs.

Another benefit of the VoIP business phone systems is that these are very helpful in connecting the teams and coordinating their efforts with proper conversations. These can also be used to manage the calls from remote locations. So, even if you are not at office, you can still take the call or even divert it to some other number. These are also used for establishing contacts with more than one office. With the spread of the workplaces becoming multi-locational, the small business phone systems maintain multi-site connectivity with considerable reduction in the costs. The connectivity is as simple and easy to operate as if you are communication on an extension.

The small businesses can also make use of the used phone systems which are in good condition. For the companies which are growing at fat pace, there will be a requirement to replace the old telephone systems with the new ones which can meet the requirements more effectively. These old systems can be purchased at very low rates from the companies which sell these used phone systems. If these may not be the newest of the systems, the same are not obsolete either.

The sound quality and other functions shall be checked before buying the same. Some of the features that need to be checked are the number of telephone and VoIP lines available, the call diversion and portability of the current number, the cabling of voice and data, etc.

Some companies also offer these new and used phone systems on rents or on hire-purchase methods. This is chiefly done keeping in mind the needs of the small business and their limited disposable incomes for capital investment. The companies may also be offering free service or guarantees on their functioning for some limited period. This is to reassure the customers about the good working condition of the business phone systems.

So, in a nutshell, these IP phone systems enable and enhance the concept of desktop mobility and can lead to efficient call centre management functions. The technology is further evolving and will be making use of the cloud computing hosting environments for the call management functions.

smallbusinessphonesystem is a famous author who writes about small business phone systems, IP telephone systems and business phone systems.

Telephone Systems

home telephone systems

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'My Last Wish' Is a Social Network Based on Death

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Why Single Cartridges Are Best For Photo Printing


In the digital era in which we live, it becomes progressively easier to do things at home, while in earlier times you would have to go somewhere else to get them done. Among these things is printing your own photographs; digital cameras are quite common these days, and so naturally, technology to easily obtain prints of the pictures you took has been developed as well. With the right materials you can produce high quality images, worthy of a professional photo store, using your own printer. Among the factors that determine the quality of a printed image are printer resolution, paper quality printer settings and the type of ink cartridges used by the printer.

Photographs come out best when they have a high resolution. The print resolution of a printer is usually given in DPI, or dots per inch. Each image is composed of different coloured dots. The size of these dots ? and therefore the number of dots per unit of measurement ? is determined by the precision of the printer laser (or the size of the ink drops placed upon the paper, in the case of inkjet printers) and the quality of the paper; ink dots will spread (or ?bleed?) out farther on lower quality paper. Naturally, photo paper is recommended for printing photographs. A printer does not necessarily have one fixed DPI, it depends on the settings as well.

But perhaps one of the most important factors in regulating the resolution of the final printed product is whether the printer uses separate ink cartridges and toners or a single cartridge system, in which both ink and toner are present. Toner (also called dry ink) is a special powder which is used to securely bind the ink to the paper and thus to greatly improve the quality of the image. Single cartridge systems can be found in laser printers, which are in themselves more precise than inkjet printers and therefore more suitable for printing photographs.

The reason why toner works best in a single cartridge system is because it melts when it is heated ? by specialised parts of the printer ? which is how it can bind tightly to the paper, and of course it functions better when the ink is simultaneously brought onto the paper. Through this cartridge system, the ink dots will stay right in their place and will not bleed which makes for a very accurate printing process and creates excellent photo prints. Another advantage of using a single cartridge system is that it is easier to replace the cartridges in your printer, because the toner is already included. Also, most printers nowadays use only a black cartridge and one with all three primary colours (yellow, magenta and cyan) integrated into it instead of four separate ones.

All in all it can be concluded that, for the best possible quality of your home-printed photographs, there are several features to pay attention to: your printer?s settings and resolution possibilities, the paper you use and above all, to have a laser printer which uses a single cartridge system. This system enhances the resolution of your pictures and enables you to create professional photo prints without leaving your house!

About the Author

Christopher J Smith is writing on behalf of Cartridge World, specialists in Ink Cartridges.

Article Directory Source: http://www.articlerich.com/profile/Christopher-J-Smith/273343


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Stock market breaks losing streak; Facebook falls

In a May 7, 2012 photo trader Richard Newman works on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange. A weekend summit in Washington among leaders of the world's most powerful nations provided little in the way of encouragement for investors already nervous about the political turmoil in Greece. (AP Photo/Richard Drew)

In a May 7, 2012 photo trader Richard Newman works on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange. A weekend summit in Washington among leaders of the world's most powerful nations provided little in the way of encouragement for investors already nervous about the political turmoil in Greece. (AP Photo/Richard Drew)

NEW YORK (AP) ? After three weeks of dumping stocks, investors finally found something to be hopeful about.

Major U.S. indexes climbed Monday after falling every day last week. Investors latched on to weekend statements from China's Premier Wen Jiabao, who promised to boost the country's consumption rather than focusing primarily on curbing inflation.

That helped ease the disappointment of what many investors saw as an ambiguous conclusion to the weekend's Group of Eight meeting of world leaders, which produced statements promising to pursue growth in Europe but not much in the way of concrete plans for how to do so.

Caterpillar, which is heavily reliant on demand from China, rose 3 percent. That's only the fourth gain for the stock in May. Several big-name financial firms, including Bank of America and Morgan Stanley, declined; bank stocks tend to fall when investors are concerned about Europe because of the banks' investments there.

Major stock indexes in France, Germany and Britain rose slightly, but Greece and Spain fell. The undercurrent of worries about Europe was strong.

"I wish I could say the coast is clear," said Katherine Nixon, chief investment officer for Northern Trust's personal financial services unit in Chicago. But, "the G-8 didn't really solve anything."

The Dow rose 98 points, or 0.8 percent, to 12,468 in afternoon trading. That was a marked change from its recent performance, which has been crippled by Greece. This month Greece failed to elect a new government and is teetering close to leaving the euro.

Monday was the Dow's first gain after six straight days of losses, and only its third up day for May. Last week was the worst for the Dow since November. The month has wiped out nearly three-quarters of the Dow's gains from January through March.

The other major stock indexes, the Standard & Poor's 500 and the Nasdaq composite, also climbed after days-long droughts. The S&P 500 rose 17 points to 1,312. The Nasdaq jumped 57 points to 2,836.

Despite the broad gains, several well-known companies fell. Facebook plunged 10 percent on its second day as a public company, dropping below Friday's initial public offering price. JPMorgan Chase, under fire for a surprise trading loss, fell 3 percent after announcing it will stop buying back its own stock.

It wasn't clear if the gains represented a corner turned or a temporary moment of relief. Concerns about Europe flowed freely even after the weekend's G-8 summit at Camp David.

Germany's deputy finance minister on Monday derided a plan pushed by the new French president that would require Germany and other stronger European countries to fund "Eurobonds" to prop up weaker countries like Greece and Portugal. Bankia, a bank nationalized by the Spanish government, was ordered to come up with more money for possible bad loans.

Clark Yingst, chief market analyst for investment banking firm Joseph Gunnar in New York, said the G-8 meeting had done little to calm investors' fears. In fact, investors appear to be growing more worried that the European debt problems "might not be as manageable as they previously believed," Yingst said. "Today's rally has nothing to do with what is evolving around Greece."

Yingst was paying close attention to China, after Premier Wen promised to give more priority to boost any slowdown in the country's economic growth, with moves that could include lower taxes and subsidies to encourage consumer spending. China, the world's second-largest economy, has been instrumental in maintaining global growth as other parts of the world have stumbled through the past couple of years. Its economic growth fell to 8.1 percent in the first quarter ? a point of envy for most other countries, but a three-year low for China.

The yield on the 10-year Treasury note climbed slightly, a sign that investors were pulling out of bonds to invest in stocks. That's something they tend to do when they're more optimistic about the market.

It could also mean they're tired of the paltry returns on government bonds. The yield on the 10-year Treasury note is around 1.7 percent; the dividend yield on S&P 500 stocks is around 2.1 percent, said Jim Russell, chief equity strategist of U.S. Bank's wealth management unit in Cincinnati.

"Bonds are expensive and stocks are cheap," Russell said. "People are sniffing around for deals."

Russell said the market's performance will depend heavily on news that comes out of Europe. Leaders of the 27 European Union countries will hold an informal meeting in Brussels on Wednesday, though it's unlikely that they'll produce any solid game plan before Greece holds elections in June.

Elsewhere, oil prices rose after Iraq's central government told its Kurdish leaders that they must get approval for their oil deals with Turkey.

Lowe's Cos., the world's second largest home improvement chain, slumped 10 percent after lowering its full-year earnings forecast. Campbell Soup fell 2 percent after reporting that its profit fell even after it spent more on marketing to try to attract busy, younger consumers.

Associated Press

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Nationalist wins Serb presidential runoff

BELGRADE, Serbia (AP) ? Nationalist candidate Tomislav Nikolic won the Serbian presidency on Sunday, a result that adds to the political turmoil in the Balkan country and could slow down its attempts to join the European Union.

The Center for Free Elections and Democracy, an independent polling group, said Nikolic won 49.4 percent of the vote, while pro-European Union incumbent Boris Tadic received 47.4 percent. Tadic conceded defeat, saying, "I wish Nikolic the best of luck." The results are expected to be officially confirmed by Monday.

The outcome was a sign of the fading allure of the EU, which is plagued by a debt crisis, and voter discontent with Serbia's weak economy.

Nikolic must name a prime minister, but that task has been complicated because of the outcome of the May 6 parliamentary election. Although Nikolic's Progressive Party won the most seats, Tadic's Democrats have tentatively agreed on an alliance with Socialists that would give them a majority. Nikolic has claimed the May 6 vote was marred by fraud.

"We'll see what will happen," Nikolic said as his supporters chanted his nickname, "Tomo the Serb," on the main squares in Serbian cities.

The outcome also could hugely impact Serbia's plans to become an EU member, a major step for a country that was a pariah state under late autocrat Slobodan Milosevic in the 1990s. It also could determine whether Serbia continues to reconcile with its neighbors and wartime foes, including the former province of Kosovo, which declared independence in 2008. Serbia has refused to recognize Kosovo's independence.

Nikolic, who narrowly lost two earlier presidential votes to Tadic, claimed to have shifted from being staunchly anti-Western to pro-EU. But that change is widely believed to be a ploy to gain more votes. Nikolic has close ties with Russia and has in the past even envisaged Serbia as a Russian province.

"Serbia will not stray from its European road," Nikolic, a former ultranationalist ally of wartime Serbian leader Milosevic, insisted Sunday. "This day is a crossroad for Serbia."

He added that Serbia must "get rid" of poverty and corruption.

Tadic, who championed Serbia's bid to become an EU member, was leading the pre-runoff polls, but Nikolic's nationalist supporters appeared to have more enthusiasm for casting their ballots. Election observers said turnout was about 10 percent lower than in 2008, when Tadic beat Nikolic by a slight margin.

Tadic built his presidential bid around pro-Western policies, but his biggest problem was the economic downturn and corruption within the ruling elite. Faced with the financial crisis in Europe and beyond, which slowed down much-needed foreign investment, Tadic's government has seen massive job losses and plummeting living standards.

Nikolic's populism struck a chord with voters, who warmed to his criticism of widespread social injustice and corruption in Serbia and promises of jobs, financial security and billions of dollars in foreign investment.

Tadic took a more conciliatory stance toward Serbia's neighbors and war foes in the 1990s, including Kosovo, the former province that nationalists consider the cradle of Serbia's state and religion. Nikolic has said he would abandon the EU plan if it means that Serbia must give up the claim to Kosovo, and he has forged an alliance with the staunchly anti-EU party of former premier Vojislav Kostunica.

__

Jovana Gec contributed to this report.

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Sleep Apnea Linked to Higher Cancer Death Risk

SUNDAY, May 20 (HealthDay News) -- Sleep apnea has already been linked to a host of adverse health problems, such as high blood pressure and heart disease. Now, new research suggests that in people who already have cancer, the sleep disorder may raise their risk of dying from cancer.

People with the most severe sleep apnea -- those who have 30 or more episodes of low or no oxygen in an hour of sleep -- had almost five times the risk of cancer death compared to someone without sleep apnea.

"Sleep apnea is the periodic pausing of breathing during sleep that results in drops in oxygen levels in your blood. It causes snoring and sleepiness during the day," explained study author Dr. Javier Nieto, chair of the department of population health sciences at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, in Madison.

"Aside from being an annoyance to your spouse, family members and maybe even your neighbors depending on how loud your snoring is, sleep apnea is a severe problem. Drowsiness and sleepiness during the day increase the risk of accidents, and sleep apnea is associated with cardiovascular disease, heart disease, strokes, hypertension and cardiovascular mortality. Now, we see this new angle: an increase in cancer mortality," said Nieto.

Nieto is scheduled to present the study Sunday at the American Thoracic Society International Conference, in San Francisco.

Nieto said the new study was suggested by researchers from the University of Barcelona in Spain who found that when mice were deprived of oxygen periodically, skin cancer tumors grew faster in the mice. And, cancer cells in the lab that are deprived of oxygen produce molecules that stimulate the growth of blood vessels in an attempt to get more oxygen, he said.

Nieto and the Spanish researchers wondered if this effect was the same in humans. To test that theory, they reviewed data from more than 1,500 people included in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort. This study included 22 years of mortality data, as well as information from sleep studies.

The researchers adjusted the data to account for age, sex, body mass, smoking and other factors that might affect the risk of cancer death, and they found that sleep apnea increased the risk of cancer death. They also found that the more severe the sleep apnea, the more likely someone was to die from cancer.

People with mild sleep apnea -- five to 14.9 episodes of low or no oxygen in an hour -- had a 10 percent increased risk of cancer death, while those with moderate sleep apnea -- 15 to 29.9 episodes of low or no oxygen in an hour -- had double the risk of cancer death. Those with severe sleep apnea -- more than 30 episodes of low or no oxygen in an hour -- had a 4.8 times higher risk of cancer death.

Nieto said the study didn't prove a cause-and-effect relationship, but the association was quite strong. And, he noted that the findings were consistent in humans, animals and in cells.

He added that there is also a plausible mechanism for this association. When you have cancer and you repeatedly have episodes of low or no oxygen, the cancer cells "try to compensate for the lack of oxygen by growing additional blood vessels to get more oxygen. It's a defense mechanism," Nieto said. And, as those blood vessels keep growing, it helps the tumor to spread, he explained.

Dr. Steven Park, a sleep medicine specialist and otorhinolaryngologist at Montefiore Medical Center in New York City, said he wasn't surprised by the findings.

"This goes along with the link between sleep apnea and pretty much every chronic medical condition out there," Park said. But, he added that this study's findings need to be confirmed in other studies, and ideally be published in a peer-reviewed journal. Research presented at medical meetings should be viewed as preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed medical journal.

"Anyone with snoring, severe daytime fatigue, lack of memory or focus, high blood pressure, diabetes, and even someone who has to get up to go to the bathroom at night should be screened for sleep apnea," Park said. He added that it's possible to have sleep apnea without snoring, especially for women. So, if you're getting enough sleep at night, yet still feel tired during the day, it's important to bring this up to your doctor.

Park said there are home-monitoring devices that can be used to screen people at home initially.

Nieto said that treating sleep apnea will improve your quality of life, as well as reduce your risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. And, if you have cancer, he said, treating sleep apnea may help increase your odds of surviving cancer.

More information

Learn more about sleep apnea from the U.S. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.

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